Public company - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3296 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? INTRODUCTION A company is a group of persons associated together for the attainment of a common end, social or economic. Or we can say a company is an association of individuals formed for some common purpose. The company incorporated under the section 3 (1)(i) of the Companies Act 1956 or some earlier company Acts. Companies incorporated under the companies Act 1956 are mostly business companies but they may also be formed for promoting art, research, charity, commerce, or any other useful purpose. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Public company" essay for you Create order A company, formed and registered under the Company Act, is regarded by law as a single person, having specified rights and obligations. The law confers on a company a distinct legal personality, with perpetual succession and a common seal. OBJECTIVE OF THE TERM PAPER The objective of the company formation is To know, grasp the application of the corporate business law. To know about the essential step to company formation To know what are the essential documents regarding to the company formation. To know about the legal formalities that is required for the formation of company. FORMATION OF PUBLIC STEEL INDUSTRY STEP 1- SELECTION OF THE TYPES OF THE COMPANY:- We are forming PUBLIC COMPANY, section 3(1) (iv) of the companies Act 1956. We establish a steel industry. It is basically the manufacturing industry of steel. STEP 2-SELECTION OF NAME FOR THE PROPOSED COMPANY:- For the selection of name for the company following measures are taken by my team members:- CIRCULARS:- GENERAL CIRCULARS which are issued by the GOVERNMENT OF INDIA, MINISTRY OF FINANCIAL AND CORPORATE AFFAIRS. It is send or issued to all the registrars of the company and it is also issued to the regional and board of directors of the company. We have kept in all the parameters regarding the formation and naming of the steel company in steel sector. For example, we have kept in mind what all things and legal aspects are important for the formation of company and what all are its requirements. ACTS AND BILLS:- After we had finished up with the circulars and other legal formalities under company bill we then move to billing part. Under this various clauses are involved such as:- Short title Commencement and application Memorandum Articles of association Companys register charges Removal of board of director MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION THE COMPANY ACT, 1956 MEMORANDUM OF ASSOCIATION OF GANDHI TELECOM LTD Contents of Memorandum: The memorandum of association of every company must contain the following clauses given below:- Name clause- The name of the company is mentioned in the name clause. A public limited company must end with the word Limited Name of company:- Gandhi Telecom ltd. Gupta Telecom ltd. Prashant Telecom ltd. Sham Telecom ltd. Dines Telecom ltd. Gupta telecom name is already registered Prashant is not suitable for the company Sham and Dines not agreed by the members. So we decided the name GANDHI TELECOM LTD Registered Office clause- 176, urban estate, Industry area, Phagwara, pin code: 144401 Object clause- This clause is the most important clause of the company. It specifies the activities which a company can carry on and which activities it cannot carry on. The company cannot carry on any activity which is not authorized by its MOA. This clause must specify:- To provide communication service as like local calls, S.T.D calls, local and National SMS across India and I.S.D calls. To provide value added service. To provide internet services. To provide broadband services. TO increase the market share. To provide the wider range network. OBJECTS OTHER OF THE MAIN OBJECT ARE: To enter into arrangement for sharing profit, union of interest, cooperation or joint venture with any person firm or company. To appoint to deal with or to act as agents, sub agents, dealers, sub-dealers, Distributors for selling or purchasing or dealing with the product s or services related to the business of the company. To do all such acts and things as may be necessary to carry out business of the Company. Liability clause:- The word company in this memorandum when company applied otherwise then to this company shall whenever the context so required or admits be deemed to include any authority, partnership or other body of person whether domiciled in India or elsewhere. The liability of the member is limited by share. The authorized share capital of company is Rs. 50, 00,00000 Submission of document of the Company: For the registration of the company, it is essential to ascertain from the Registrar Of Companies if the proposed name of the company is approved. Then the following documents duly stamped together with the necessary fees are to be filled with the Registrar. Memorandum of association, prepared according to the company act 1956, and signed by at least 7 persons in the case of public company. And duly signed by subscribers. The Articles of association, the public ltd company is limited by guarantee and private companies are limited by shares. The agreement, if any, which the company proposes to enter into with any individual for appointment as its managing or whole time director or manager [sec. 33(1)]. The list of the directors who have agreed to become the first directors of the company and their written consent to act as director and take up qualification shares. A declaration by any of the following persons, an advocate, an attorney or a pleader, a chartered accountant , or a person named in the articles as director, manager, or secretary of the company. The registration fees of a company are fixed on the graduated scale on the amount of nominal capital or the number of members. There is also a filing fee per document. If the Registrar is satisfied that all the required documents of the act have been compiled with, he will register the company and issue a certificate called the Certificate of Incorporation. FORM NO. 1 Registration No. of Company 14456. Nominal Capita: Rs50crore . THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 Declaration of compliance with the requirements of the Companies Act, 1956 on application for registration of a company [Pursuant to section 33(2)] Name of Company GANDHI TELECOM LTD Limited/Private Limited Presented by Sham sunder Gandhi I, ., of do solemnly and sincerely Declare that I am [1] major who is engaged in the formation of the company, or a person Named in the articles as a director/manager/secretary of the Limited/Private Limited. And that all the requirements of the Companies Act, 1956, and the rules thereunder in respect of matters precedent to the registration of the said company and incidental thereto have been complied with. And make this solemn declaration conscientiously believing the same to be true. Date 25-11-2009 Sham sunder Place phagwara Signature Witness Rajesh Sham Sunder Designation 1. An advocate of the Supreme Court of the NOA . High Court, an attorney or a pleader entitled to appear before the ..NOA. High Court or a chartered accountant practicing in India. 2. State whether director, manager / secretary /advocate/ chartered account. FORM NO. 18 Registration No. of the Company 14456 Nominal Capital: Rs50crore THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 Notice of the situation/change of situation of registered office [pursuant to section 146] Name of the company GANDHI TELECOM LTD Notice is hereby given that - (a) the registered office of the company is situated .with effect from 22-11-2009 [date] (b) the situation of the registered office of the company of was changed from NOA to with effect form . [date] Situation of registered office falls under the jurisdiction of (name of the police station).* Dated this Day of 19 Sham sunder Signature SHAM SUNDER GANDHI Name (In Block Capitals) Sham Sunder Designation . FORM NO 29 Registration No. of Company ..14456 Nominal Capital Rs. 50crore. THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 Consent to act as director of a company and/or undertaking to take and pay for qualification shares [pursuant to section 264(2)/266(I)(a) and 266(1)(b)(iii)] Name of company .GANDHI TELECOM Limited Presented by ..SHAM SUNDER. To the Registrar of Companies NOA. . I, the undersigned, hereby testify my consent to act as director of the .. limited, .. pursuant to section 264(2)/266(1)(a) of the Companies Act, 1956 and certify that I have not been disqualified to act as a director under sections 267 and/or 274 of the Companies Act, 1956. I, the undersigned having consented to act as director of the Limited, also hereby undertake to take from the said company and pay for .. shares of Rs. .. each, being the number/value of the shares prescribed as the qualification shares for the office of director of the said company. Name and surname in full and fathers names Address Occupation Date of birth Nationality Signature 1 2 3 4 5 6 Vijay Kumar Mehli gate, Phagwara Business 15-4-1984 INDIAN Vijay Signature: SHAM SUNDER.. Designation .Sham Sunder.. Dated the day of .. 19 Notes: (1) Delete the portion not applicable. (2) If a director signs through his agent authorised in writing, the authority must be produced before the Registrar. (3) In case of undertaking to take and pay for qualification shares, the from should be accompanied by the necessary stamp duty. FORM NO. 32 Registration No. of Company 14456. Nominal Capital Rs. 50CRORE THE COMPANIES ACT, 1956 Particulars of appointment of directors and manager and changes among them [Pursuant to section 303(2)] Name of Company .GANDHI TELECOM LTD Presented by SHAM SUNDER Note: If a company has no particulars to be included in one or two of the headings A B and C the parts containing those headings (in respect of which the company has no particulars to be included) need not be filed. A. Appointment of and changes among directors. Name or names and surname in full Fathers/ husbands name Usual residential address Nationality Date of appointment or change Brief particulars of changes 1 2 3 4 5 6 1. vijay kumar Madan Baanga Mehli Gate Phagwara INDIAN 10-4-2009 NO Notes: (1) A note of changes should be made in column 6 e.g. by inserting against the name of new director, etc. the words in place of and by indicating against the name of the former director, the cause for the change, e.g. by death, resignation, retirement by rotation, disqualification etc. (2) In case of managing director, his designation should be stated with his name in columan1. B. [***] C. Appointment of and changes in manager ship and secretary ship. Name or names and surname in full Fathers/ husbands name Usual residential address Nationality Date of appointment or change Brief particulars of changes 1 2 3 4 5 6 Rajesh Kumar Pardeep kumar jalandhar INDIAN 10-4-2009 NO Dated the day of ..19 Signature .SHAM SUNDER. DesignationSham Sunder.. Notes: (1) For the purposes of this form, particulars of a person appointed as manager within the meaning of section 2(24) of the Companies Act, 1956 need be given. (2) A note of change as also the cause of change e.g. by death, resignation, removal, disqualification, etc. should be stated in column 6. Article of Association The Gandhi telecom Limited contains following rules and regulations and also bye-laws for the internal management of the affairs of a company. The articles are next in importance to the Memorandum of Association which contains the fundamental conditions upon which alone a company is allowed to be incorporated. They are as such subordinate to, and controlled by, the Memorandum. Contents of Articles Share capital The Share capital of the company is Rs. 50, 00, 00,000 (Rupees fifty crore only). They have been divided into 10 crore Equity shares of Rs.100 each (Twenty rupees only), with the provision of the company Act, 1956 Capital of the company The capital of the company may increase from time to time, by the creations of the new shares. This increase in the amount is to be divided among all the shares holders. Reduction of capital The Company may subject from time to time by special promise will reduce its capital or Share Premium Account in any manner for the time being authorized by law and capital may be paid off in the future. Share and certificate The share certificates will be issued free of cost to all the shareholders of the company. The shares in the capital shall be numbered progressively according to their value. Any share forming part of any increased capital of the company shall be under the control of the Directors who may issue and allot or otherwise dispose of the same or any one of them to such persons n such proposition and on such terms and conditions. Acceptance of shares Any application signed by or on the applicant for shares in the company followed by an allotment of any share there in shall be an acceptance of shares within the meaning of these Articles. Renewal of Share Certificate No fee shall be charged for the issue of new shares certificates in the replacement of the old ones. Calls on shares Company may from time to time, subject the terms on which any shares may have been issued and subject to the conditions o allotment which is passed at a meeting of the Board. Share warrant The company may issue share warrants subject to and in accordance with the provisions of sections 114and 115. The Board may in its discretion with respect to any share which is fully paid up on applications in writing signed by the persons registered as holder of the shares. Transfers of shares The transfer of shares from one person to the other person will be made but with the information of the company. This change will be also made in the companys shareholders Catalogue. Forfeiture of the shares The shares of any shareholder can be cancelled if he or she is not able to pay the payment. The forfeiture of a share shall involve extinction, at the time of the forfeiture, of all claims and demands against to the Company in respect of the share and all other rights incidental to the share, except only such of those right as by these Articles are expressly saved. Surrender of shares The Directors may subject to the provisions of the Act, accept a surrender of any from or by any member desirous of surrendering them on such terms as they think fit. Lien on shares The company shall have a first lien upon all the shares, not being fully paid up shares registered in the name of each member and upon the proceeds of the sale thereof for all money called or payable at a fixed time in respect of such shares and no equitable interest in any share shall be created except upon the footing and condition here of is to have full effect. Winding up At the time of winding up the company is going to liquidate all its assets and the amount from the liquidation of the assets will be distributed to the debentures holders and preference share holders first and then afterwards the rest of the amount to the equity share holders. PROSPECTUS General information: Name : GANDHI TELECOM LIMITED Address: 176, Model Town, Industrial Area, Phagwara. Name of stock exchange: Ludhiana Stock Exchange Jalandhar Stock Exchange Chandigarh Stock Exchange Amritsar Stock Exchange Provision of Sub section (1) of section 68 A of the companies Act, 1956 relating to punishment for fictitious Applications. Statement/ declaration about refund of the issue if minimum subscription 90% is not received within 90 days from closure of the issue. Declaration about the issue of allotment letters/refund with in a period of 10 weeks and interest in case of any delay in refund at the prescribed rate under section 73(2) (2a) Date of opening of the issue: 12-december-2009 Date of closing of the issue: 18-12-2009 Date of earliest closing of the issue: 16-12-2009 Name and address of auditors: Vijay deep, Jalandhar. Capital structure of company Authorized Capital: 50 crore Issued capital: 40 crore Subscribed capital: Paid up Capital: ii. Size of present issue giving separately reservation for preferential allotment to promoters and others. Paid up capital: a. after the present the issue b. after conversion of Debentures Term of the present issue Term of present issue Terms of Payments. Right of the instruments holders How to apply-availability of forms, prospectus and mode of payment Any Special tax benefits of the company and its shareholders. Particulars of the issue: Objects To provide communication service as like local calls, S.T.D calls, local and National SMS across India and I.S.D calls. To provide value added service. To provide internet services. To provide broadband services. TO increase the market share. To provide the wider range network. To provide telecom networks and to run and maintain telecom services like basic/fixed line services, cellular/mobile services, paging, video-text, voice mail data systems, private switching network services, transmission networks of all types, computer networks like local area network, wide area network, Electronic Mail, Intelligent network, Multimedia communication systems or the combinations thereof. To promote establish Companies, Funds, Associations or Partnerships for providing telecom networks and/or to run and maintain telecom services like basic/fixed line services, cellular/mobile services, paging, videotext, voice mail and data systems, private switching network services, transmission network of all types, computer networks i.e. local area network, wide area network, Electronic Mail, Intelligent network. To guarantee/ counter guarantee the obligations of any of its subsidiary/ associate/ group companies and/or other companies in which the company has equity interest under any agreements/ contracts/ debentures, bonds, stocks, mortgages, charges and securities. Project cost Means of financing (including contribution of promoters) Company management and project History and main objects and present business of the company. Promoters and their background Name, addresses and occupation of manager, managing director Location of the project Collaboration, The products Following particulars in regard to the company and other listed companies under the same management within the meaning of section370(IB),which made any capital issue during the last 3 years. Name of the company: Gandhi Telecom limited Year of issue: 2009 Type of issue: Public (Public/Rights/composite) Amount of issue: Date of closure of issue Date of completion of delivery of share/debenture certificates. Date of completion the project Where object of the issue was financing of a project Rate of dividend paid Outstanding litigation pertaining to- Matters likely to affect operation and finances of the company including disputed tax liabilities of any nature; and Criminal prosecution launched against the company and the directors for alleged offences Management perception of risk factors (example: sensitivity to foreign exchange rate fluctuations difficulty in availability of raw material in marketing of product cost/time over run etc. SHRILONG Now therefore in consideration of the mutual covenants set forth herein and intending to be legally bound , the parties here to agree as follows. 1. Terms of agreement : This agreement will be begin [13-11-09] and will end [13-11-2010]. Either party may cancel the agreement in between [15 days] notice to other party in writing by certified personal delivery or by mail. 2.Time needed by them : It is Needed that your company employee will spend approximately [150] hours in these three months contract with the obligation of this contract. In a week a employee must devote minimum of [10] hour by taking care of their personal problems. 3. Place of services : According to the Contract at a location of consultanatss only be considered. The consultant will perform services on seminar halls, auditorium, or any other places as necessary to perform these services according to this agreement. 4. Payment made : We perform services on the rate of Rs 400/hr for work performed in accordance with this agreement extra time will be charged, on services provided. Payment must occurred on first three days of every month. 5. Confidential information : The [Gandhi Telecom ltd] agrees that any information recived during their contract period which concerts to personal, Confidence and will not be revealed to any other persons, firms and organizations. 6. In Witness Where of : The parties here to have excuted this Agreement as of the day and year First above written. REFERENCE TO THE INTERNET www.mca.gov.in www.vakeel.com www.roc.com

Justifying Mutual Deceit in William Shakespeares Sonnet...

Justifying Mutual Deceit in William Shakespeares Sonnet 138 A common conception of William Shakespeare’s poetry entails complex language and hidden meanings. Shakespeare is famous for his ability to author a web of images that creates layers of interpretations and understandings. In Sonnet 138 however, Shakespeare is more direct in describing his relationship with his lover by avoiding imagery and metaphors, explaining to the reader that this seemingly unconventional relationship is indeed justified. Shakespeare constructs a persona of the speaker in a way that establishes a casual and†¦show more content†¦Finally, the couplet provides an overall conclusion of the preceding lines and gives a definite ending to the poem. The speaker depicts the story of himself and his lover in the first three quatrains with curt language t hat allow less of the reader’s personal imagination than do imagery and metaphors. This serves to simplify the powerful role of structure, allowing the speaker to fully pull the reader into the sonnet and clearly focus on the characters and the overall message. Shakespeare begins 138 with a bold formation of the speaker’s character. The speaker has an almost omniscient quality about him as he claims that he â€Å"know[s] she lies† (2) and that he is well versed â€Å"in the world’s false subtleties† (4). However, at the same time, the reader questions how wise this speaker actually is because of his confused relationship with his lover. The speaker willingly accepts her lies by feigning his own simple-mindedness so that his love â€Å"might think me some untutored youth† (3), in other words, believe that he is younger than he actually is. The speaker then explores the assertions made in the first quatrain in the second as the speaker questions his own decision making process, referring to it as â€Å"vain† (5) and saying that â€Å"she knows† (5) of his true age. The speaker goes on toShow MoreRelatedShakespeare Sonnet 1381910 Words   |  8 PagesJustifying Mutual Deceit A common conception of William Shakespeare’s poetry entails complex language and hidden meanings. Shakespeare is famous for his ability to author a web of images that creates layers of interpretations and understandings. In Sonnet 138 however, Shakespeare is more direct in describing his relationship with his lover by avoiding imagery and metaphors, explaining to the reader that this seemingly unconventional relationship is indeed justified. Shakespeare constructs a persona

Architecture and the Impact of Light Essay Example For Students

Architecture and the Impact of Light Essay The complete experience of architecture can be gained only when elements of color, texture, material, detail, light and shadow are incorporated: Architecture speaks through the silence of perceptual phenomena  (Steven Holl, 2006, p41). The sensations and the perceptions of the user are controlled by the various elements of light, color and sound. Perception is the process or method of gaining or gathering information through the various senses. At times, an object could even be perceived in a different way because of the preconceived notion the person has about the object. In the case of visual perception, the decision on how the space is perceived is left on the mind of the occupant. Every time we move or act, the environment around us keeps changing and hence our perception about the environment also changes  (Mireia Verges, 2007, p18). Architecture could be perceived in many different ways through the various senses. In architecture, visual perception is the most important as sight is the most dominant sense which helps us to appreciate the minute distinctions  (William M. C. Lam, 1992, p11). One may conceive a space as a container of material objects whose framework needs to be filled, but this conception may differ from person to person because of their experience within the space. An example would be how one space could be perceived in a span of one day from morning to night. As the day progress the sun moves, causing the lighting in a space to change throughout the day. Therefore, due to the light cast into the space, the perception of the space changes at different points in the day. Dynamism in a space is formed by the different changes felt within that space at different points in time. This occurs due to the application of color and material as well as the effect natural light has as it enters a space and changes throughout the day. Lack of dynamism within a space would result in no changes; therefore, the perception of that space would remain the same throughout the day. The lack of dynamism in a space makes the space monotonous after a point. Dynamism can be created within the space by incorporating elements of color and material and also by something as simple as the way the furniture is laid out in the space. All of these elements can be changed over a period of time to maintain the dynamism within the space but not for a very long time. How often could the color of the wall, the material of the furniture or the placement of furniture be changed? With the introduction of light and shadow in the space, the perception of the space can be changed each moment which would leave the user of the space with a unique experience every time. This constant change as the light moves through the space is what makes it dynamic, it allows for a diverse effect throughout different moments in time. According to Tadao Ando, there are three elements that best describe architecture. Those elements are the volume, material and nature. The most important one being nature which includes light, sky and water. Architecture is best perceived in the presence of light as light brings out the diverse qualities of a space like color, texture, volume and form  (Mireia Verges, 2007, p9). Even though light is considered as an immaterialist element, it is successful in giving identity to architecture. Light has been declared as the origin of all beings as it greatly affects our lives and makes life possible on Earth  (Jin Baek, 2009, p115). The physical world is best negotiated in the presence of light. The relationship between man and its environment is enhanced in the presence of light   (William M. C. Lam, 1992, p10). Light has the ability to reveal architecture and create a connection between what people see and what they perceive it as  (Cesar Portela,n. d,p63). Light and shado w can create dynamism within a space by giving the space a meaning which is beyond function. The atmosphere of a space is greatly influenced by the element of light. The value of light should not be underestimated as it is a powerful and strong vehicle of expression. It is very important for us to realize how important light is in the well-being of humans. Hence, we should gain an appreciation of how light influences and affects our lives  (Mireia Verges, 2007, p18). As an architecture student and as an architect in general it is essential that we consider the impact light has on a space when designing. Extra depths of experience can be achieved within the space through the interplay of light and shadow. Those extra depths are achieved through the illusions created and depths that become magnified by light. Light and shadow influences the spatial context and helps to transform the atmosphere within the space. With the correct consideration of light and shadow, atmospheres can be created which are beyond function and most of these constructions are religious in nature. It is believed that natural light is considered as a link between God and man. In religious spaces, light is used in a way such that it arouses the feeling of spiritualism and is successful in conveying the holiness and sacredness of the place. The religious role of light in a sacred and spiritual space is to transform that which is material to something that is immaterial  (Jin Baek, 2009, p112). The worshippers or the visitors are taken into a phase of meditation and peace by the harmonious divine light  (Henry Plummer, 2009, p6). In a spiritual space, light does not stay at the margin of the body of the perceiver but it fills one with the brightness, lightness and intensity by penetrating through it. Jin Baek, 2009, p117). The Impact of an Old Fleet on the Demand for Air T EssayThe presence of light allows architecture to rise above its physical limitations and transform and display signs of life. When light flows through a room, the deadened masses come to life, a mood is created within the atmosphere of the space which changes the perception of the space. One of the most important uses of shadows is that it creates a contrast which leads to a dramatic atmosphere and further creating dynamism within the space. As the source of light is not constant and it keeps moving and changing character, dynamism in the space is created. Just as time changes, the eyes of the users of the space constantly moves to appreciate the space and thus the experience of the user keeps changing with the changing time which leads to a new perception every single time. In all my works, light is an important controlling factor,  says Tadao Ando. One of the most famous works of Tadao Ando which emphasizes the importance of light is the Church of light in Osaka, Japan. The Church of light is located in a residential neighborhood in Osaka, Japan. The existing buildings and the position of the sun determined the layout of the church. The distinct contrast between light and shadow defines the space of the church. The only natural element entering the chapel is light. The light enters the chapel through the cut in the concrete wall. This opening or cut in the wall has a symbolic significance. The cut in the wall extends vertically from the floor to the ceiling and horizontally from one end of the wall to the other. Light enters the chapel only from this cut in the wall and hence the cut in the wall is the only connection to the outside world. As the morning light falls on the slit in the wall, the cross of light is highlighted. The interior of the chapel is kept to the bare minimum, the effect the light has as it hits the space is what is important. Hence, there are no decorations on the concrete walls so that the experience of the user is not disturbed. One important design aspect in the chapel is the profound emptiness which transfers the occupant into a spiritual world. The intersection between the light and the volume in the chapel delicately dramatizes the space such that it creates an instant connection between the user and God. Through light; the space is filled with the essence of purity, spirituality and tranquility  (Tadao Ando,2000,p122). A second work by Tadao Ando is the Koshino house located in Ashiya, Japan. It consists of two concrete boxes which are arranged parallel to the surrounding national park. The two concrete boxes respond to the natural surrounding and are hence buried in the slope of the national park. The natural light is filtered through the wide stairs and it forms an extension of the stage for the everyday lives. Slits are cut purposely in that particular manner such that they act as a filter for attaining different intersections of light and shadow. The exterior is divided into different parts by the help of light and shadow. In the Koshino house, dynamism is created through the interplay of light and shadow  (Tadao Ando,2000,p96). Lastly, a third work is the chapel on Mount Rokko that overlooks the Osaka bay. The building consists of the church and a bell tower which are connected by a colonnade. Fresh air can easily flow through the colonnade as there are no walls. The theme for the design of the chapel revolves around the idea of light and shadow. Directly ahead of the colonnade is the altar and on the left wall there is a window. A shadow is cast in the form of a cross on the floor by the beam and column that articulate the window. Light has always been and will always been a critical factor to architects during the design process. A design may be beautiful and well thought out but is not successful if light is not captured well. As I continue to grow as a designer, thinking about how I want light to affect the building I am designing makes all the difference. It is important to think about the feeling it creates in a space. Light, more specifically natural light is a powerful tool that should be used to its fullest potential. I want to take that into consideration in order to have both a successful design and capture a dynamic perception within the space. Dynamism is created within a space by introducing light and shadow and this is possible as light is not constant and keeps changing with time. Therefore, a space would be perceived differently every single time. As light is considered the origin of all beings, it enables the formation of various perceptions and atmospheres which are beyond function. Thus, light and shadow are essential in achieving dynamism within a space and changing the perception of the space. Bibliography: Baek J. Nothingness: Tadao Andos Christian Sacred Space, Routledge, Oxon. 2009. Print. Holl, Steven. Questions of Perception: Phenomenology of Architecture. San Francisco, CA: William Stout, 2006. Print. Lam, William M. C. Perception and Lighting as Formgivers for Architecture. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992. Print. Mende, Kaoru. Designing with Light and Shadow: Kaoru Mende Lighting Planners Associates Inc. Victoria: Images Group, 2000. Print. Plummer, Henry. The Architecture of Natural Light. New York: Monacelli, 2009. Print. Portela, Cesar. Light and Architecture. N.p., n.d. Web. . VergeÃÅ' s, Mireia. Light in Architecture. Antwerp: Tectum, 2007. Print.

The Fall Of Rome Essay Paper Example For Students

The Fall Of Rome Essay Paper The Fall of RomeThe Roman Empire was without a doubt themost powerful governing body in the Mediterranean ever. Why did Rome fall?There was not any single cause to the fall of Rome. It was many thingsoccurring in succession to each other. After the Punic wars with Carthage, Romeacquired many new lands that it did not have before. During peace timesit was easy to govern these areas but during war times it proved difficult. The government had to pay soldiers to patrol the frontiers of the empire;it could no longer rely on the loot to serve as the pay for the soldiers. This took a significant amount of money out of the Roman treasury. Someemperors wanted to save money and made the army too small to have controlover such a large empire. The economy of Rome was also suffering. Rome was importing goods from its colonies but wasnt exporting nearlyas much. This created an imbalance of trade. The colonies were creatingtheir own finished goods and no longer relied on Rome for them. New coinswere then made out of lead and gold to devalue the currency. Merchantsnow charged more money because these new coins were not worth as much asthe old ones. This created inflation, this problem plagued the empire untilits fall. The problem of succession also contributedto the fall of Rome. There was never a set system of succession. Afterthe death of an emperor, generals competed with each other for power. Oncesomeone gained power they didnt rule for long; someone often assassinatedthem. This weakened the authority of Rome; corruption was common and lawwas almost non-existent. Diocletian tried to make reforms to makethe empire as strong as it was before. He realized that the empire wastoo large for one person to govern, he split the empire in half and tookcontrol of eastern part himself. He then appointed a co-emperor to rulein the west. He also reorganized the problems in the civil service andmade them responsible directly to the emperor. He increased the size ofthe army and trained them better. To improve the economic health of theempire, Diocletian set limits on prices and wages to slow down inflation. To give some stability in agriculture and manufacturing, he ordered peopleto stay in their jobs. There was no room for promotion. Diocletian diedin 305 A.D. In 324 A.D. Constantine took over as emperor. He reunited the east and west under his own rule. He also built a new capitalat Byzantium, on the Bosporus. He named this city Constantinople. Constantinewanted a new capital that would be a Christian city, not a pagan one. Hecontinued the policies of Diocletian. People saw no need to work hard withno chance of getting ahead. These reforms only slowed down the processof collapse. After Constantines death in 337 A.D., the empire was againdivided. To the north of the Rhine and Danube rivers,lived a group of people known as the German tribes. They were herders andfarmers who had migrated from Scandinavia. As their population grew, theybegan to look for new land. They decided that moving into the Roman Empirewas a good idea. The Roman army was spread thin and could barely cope withthe Germans. In the fourth century, the Huns, a nomadic people from centralAsia, began attacking the German tribes. Thus the tribes looked for protectionfrom the Huns in the Empire. They received permission from the Emperorto live in the Empire. A couple of years later the Romans sent an armyto defeat the Germans and failed to defeat them. This proved that Romewas not invincible. The Germans continued to sack the west; they invadedItaly and sacked Rome. Rome bought peace by giving the Germans most ofGaul and Spain. The Huns then marched into Rome and they were soundly defeatedby Rome and its German allies. The west of the Empire became a mess withno on e in any real control. .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 , .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 .postImageUrl , .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 , .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63:hover , .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63:visited , .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63:active { border:0!important; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63:active , .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63 .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0a157f264442760acd7b09c207c45f63:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Homeless Voting EssayIn the east, Constantinople continuedto be the capitol city. Its rulers called themselves Roman emperors andits people were Roman citizens subject to Roman law. True, the westernportion of the Empire was crumbling, but all through the fifth and sixthcenturies the people of the east could say without a doubt that the RomanEmpire had not fallen. There was no certain official date whenRome was considered to fall. Many historians though, believe it was in476 A.D. A small German chief, Odoacer captured Rome and proclaimed himselfking. The city of Rome was finally overthrown. Despite this, the peoplewho lived throughout the Empire considered themselves Roman citizens andfollowed Roman laws. In the East Rome was still strong. Even today we haveadopted many of the Roman ways of life. Rome influenced every civilizationafter and in a sense we are all Roman citizens. The great Empire of Rome, the greatestpower to ever rule the Mediterranean had fallen. It was unthinkable. Theirfaults in politics, economics and other things contributed to their fall. There was no one single cause; it was many things happening at once, whichcaused the fall of Rome. The leaders of today should look at Romes mistakesand be sure not to make the same ones again.